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Within the families Agamidae, Lacertidae and Scincidae, the carpal and tarsal elements, the sesamoidea and the ossification pattern show considerable variability. Furthermore, carpal and tarsal structure in the lizards studied here is not unique to the genera in question and identical or very similar conditions occur in other lizards. These elements contain sufficient anatomical information to make them taxonomically valuable.

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Urbanization shapes global patterns of biodiversity. While often driving biodiversity loss and biotic homogenization, urban areas could paradoxically act as refugia for species threatened by other global change drivers, such as biological invasions. Despite growing interest in their conservation potential, a lack of robust empirical studies unveiling how urban refugia emerge and contribute to species persistence hinders our ability to leverage urban areas to minimize global biodiversity loss. Here, we examined whether and how urban areas promote the persistence of a keystone, endangered endemic Mediterranean island lizard (Podarcis pityusensis) threatened by a rapidly spreading invasive snake (Hemorrhois hippocrepis). By integrating field transects, citizen science data, snake trapping, and population dynamics models, we show that invasive snakes drive rapid lizard extirpation in natural areas, but urbanization buffers this effect, enabling local persistence. Intensive snake trapping revealed that urbanization hinders snake spread, acting as an ecological filter. Finally, population dynamics models show that, contrary to a source-sink model, urban lizard populations can persist in the mid-term without immigration, as surrounding peri-urban populations have collapsed under sustained predation pressure by the invasive snake. Our findings provide empirical evidence of how urban areas can effectively act as refugia for threatened species, emphasizing their importance in global biodiversity conservation strategies.

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Weather conditions are important factors determining the activity, and consequently detection probability of animals. Especially in ectotherms from temperate habitats, activity can vary strongly depending on weather. The sand lizard Lacerta agilis is a wide‐ranging lizard that is often subject to environmental impact assessments due to its proximity to humans and prevalence as a candidate for compensatory measures according to the Flora and Fauna Habitat Directive of the European Union. Lacerta agilis has been studied extensively at certain edges of its distribution, but studies focusing on the core range have been rare. We use Bayesian models in order to identify the best explaining weather variables out of a large variety of available variables for a population of Lacerta agilis in western Germany. We furthermore depict their interactions with an easy‐to‐understand regression tree model. Sand lizards have shown to be more active during dry conditions with low windspeeds. They further are best found after sunny weather with temperatures around 20°C. Rainfall in the previous 24 hours also increases the detection probability. An unpruned regression tree reaffirms the results while giving concrete variable values and exploring how the values influence each other. Overall, the method delivers a decision tree based on easy‐to‐obtain weather variables that allows for post‐survey analysis and for determination of the best survey conditions.

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Background The lacertid genus Mesalina has been the subject of several phylogenetic and biogeographic studies as well as taxonomic revisions within the last decade. The genus is partitioned into seven main clades, some of which represent species complexes of morphologically very similar species. The Mesalina guttulata species complex is one such case. This complex currently comprises four described species that occur through Arabia and northern Africa, however, the presence of a cryptic species in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Jordan was pointed out recently. For this study, we collected new material of the various species of the M. guttulata complex, including the undescribed lineage from across Saudi Arabia. We carried out multilocus phylogenetic analyses using three mitochondrial and three nuclear markers and analysis of morphological data to verify whether the undescribed lineage deserves a species rank.
Results The results show that the lineage is clearly genetically separated from the other species of the complex and shows morphological differentiation from the other species. Therefore, we describe it herein as a new species, Mesalina cryptica sp. nov.
Conclusions We contribute to the taxonomy of Arabian lacertid lizards by describing a new species distributed in central Saudi Arabia, with isolated populations occurring in Kuwait and Jordan. Despite its large range, the species is genetically and morphologically homogeneous. The gap in its distribution between the Jordan and Saudi Arabia populations is ascribable to the paucity of sampling along the Saudi/Iraqi border.
Keywords Lizards, Mesopotamia, Middle East, Sauria, Squamates, Reptiles, Taxonomy

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We reconsidered the taxonomy of lizards in Korea on the basis of morphological characters of collected specimens and previously published data. A total of 138 specimens were used in this study, which were collected from April 1996 to October 2005, From the observations, we presented keys to classify Korean lizards. Also, we indicated sampling sites for each species on the Korean map. In addition, we added some remarks on the distribution of Gekko japonicus, the study of genus Scincella and the synonym of genus Takydromus. Especially, it was uncertain whether the southern Korean Peninsula is a natural habitat of Takydromus tachydromoides oldi which will be necessary in further study.

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This article reports on years of successful keeping and breeding of the Greek Algyroides in indoor and outdoor terraria. It also reports on the socialisation with other species in the terrarium.

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On a day trip to Monfalcone on June 1, 2024, we were able to record four species of lacertid lizards on the outskirts of the town and in the surrounding area. The Blue-throated Keeled Lizard Algyroides nigropunctatus nigropunctatus, the Western Green Lizard Lacerta bilineata bilineata, the Dalmatian Wall Lizard Podarcis melisellensis fiumanus and the Common Wall Lizard Podarcis muralis maculiventris.

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In spring 2024, we travelled to Uzbekistan to visit architectural sights along the Silk Road as well as reptiles and amphibians, including lizards of the genus Eremias. The Eremias genus currently comprises 44 species and is widespread in numerous countries in Eastern Europe and Asia. They are small to medium-sized, diurnal lizards that live in arid regions. They are characterised by fringe-like appendages on their toes, which enable them to move quickly in the sand. The species observed are: Eremias velox (Pallas, 1771), Eremias lineolata (Nikolski, 1897) and Eremias nigrocellata Nikolski, 1896.

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The global initiative toward sustainability includes the long term protection of biodiversity. Northern and western Iran are part of the Irano-Anatolian biodiversity hot spot that has many centers of endemism as a biogeographical center for the origin of many amphibian and reptile taxa. A high diversity of habitat types coupled with climatologically diverse environments result in the 13 different physiographic regions that support this biodiversity. The known herpetofauna of Iran comprises approximately 232 reptile and 22 amphibian species belonging to about 100 genera, 31 families, five orders and three suborders. The Squamata with 199 species in 78 genera and 18 families is the most specious reptilian order in Iran and account for approximately 85 percent of the herpetofauna. Fifty five endemic species in 11 families and 22 genera are considered here. At present, numerous factors, including habitat destruction through increased agriculture, as well as vegetation burning and climate change along with increasing risks of desertification have made a major impact on various ecosystems. Further, threats come from exotic species, the use of reptile products in traditional medicine and food, and pollution. There are ten Vulnerable, four Endangered, and seven Critically Endangered herpetofaunal elements in Iran. The establishment of protected areas, participation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in herpetological conservation, and more research of taxonomy, species range and habitats, threats and their mitigation are required for the sustainable management of Iranian herpetofauna. A concerted Iranian and international program for the sustainable management of Iranian herpetofauna is required because of Iran’s biogeographic status, its high level of herpetological diversity and endemicity, and its importance as a global biodiversity hot spot.

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Reptiles in track ballast – Risk potential and measures for better protection during construction projects and maintenance work.

We present statements from federal authorities, German Railways, and our own data on the importance of track ballast for reptiles. Our observations range from high-speed lines to regional and disused railway tracks.

Wall lizards typically occur in high densities. In some cases, thousands per kilometre were recovered from track ballast. For sand lizards and slow worms, hundreds are not uncommon (or would be with appropriate catch periods). Snakes were recovered or captured in tens per kilometre of ballast.

Mortality rates during work on ballast depend in particular on the current proportion of reptiles in the ballast. This is influenced not least by the time of year, time of day, and weather conditions.

We present literature that emphasises very serious risks from work on gravel ballast. Elsewhere, a greater impact on reptiles is disputed or denied; so-called abstracts from authorities partly contradict the contents of studies.

According to our observations, wall lizards remain on and in the ballast when track construction trains/large machines are being used; this behaviour is likely to be typical for other reptiles as well. During hibernation in the ballast, snakes and lizards are unable to escape anyway.

We make suggestions for better protection during maintenance and construction work, including through expert supervision of careful excavation work in important reptile areas.

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In this study, 15 amphibian and reptile species were recorded from 12 different localities in the Camili Biosphere Reserve, known as the first biosphere site of Turkey. Two of these species are urodelan, four are anuran, four are Lacertilia and five are Ophidia. Two black coloured Natrix specimens collected from biosphere rezerve area are compered with literature data belongs to N. megalocephala. Moreover, the population and habitat status of threatened species were investigated, required conservation measures were explained.

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A total of 230 cleared and alizarin stained and 136 radiographed specimens of Darevskia belonging to 47 nominal taxa (species, subspecies or singular clades) including the seven parthenogenetic ones and a triploid hybrid were studied. Sixteen osteological characters in all the tried species were analyzed. These characters by corporal regions were: skull characters: 1.—number of premaxillary teeth; 2.—number of maxillary teeth; 3.—number of dentary teeth; 4.—teeth morphology; 5.—presence of anterolateral process in the postfrontal bone; 6.—presence of anteromedial process in the postorbital bone; 7.—comparative lengths of the postorbital and postfrontal bones; 8.—overlap degree between the postorbital and the squamosal bones. Postcranial characters: 9.—existence of visible (ossified) ribs associated with the third presacral vertebrae; 10.—sternal/xiphisternal costal formula and presence of inscriptional ribs; 11.—number of presacral vertebrae; 12.—number of posterior dorsal vertebrae (short presacral ribs); 13.—presence and form of the sternal fontanelle; 14.—form of the clavicles (emarginated or marginated); 15.—interclavicle form; 16.—morphology of first autotomic vertebrae of the tail.

Our goals were to characterize osteologically the different species of Darevskia, to contrast their relationships traced from osteological traits with the available genetic-derived phylogenies of the group, to compare the osteological characteristics of the parthenogenetic species with their bisexual parental species, and to comment on their parentage and character polarity. Finally, we aimed to search for osteological characteristics of the different groups within Darevskia, diagnosing them for the first time. The results, commented on by characters, are available in the main text, and taxa characteristics are easily consultable and condensed in Table 1.

Osteological characteristics of Darevskia, together with available phylogenetic trees, have permitted us to define some new groups within Darevskia (raddei, chlorogaster, defilippi, and parvula new groups) (Appendix 3), which are reciprocally monophyletic and have diagnostic characteristics. All of them are diagnosed and named as subgenera to be used if necessary, instead of the partial, old and not always comprehensive groups.

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We present a genome assembly from a female specimen of Podarcis filfolensis (Maltese wall lizard; Chordata; Lepidosauria; Squamata; Lacertidae). The assembly contains two haplotypes with total lengths of 1,506.95 megabases and 1,404.02 megabases. Most of haplotype 1 (98.73%) is scaffolded into 20 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the W and Z sex chromosomes. Haplotype 2 was assembled to scaffold level. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled, with a length of 17.23 kilobases.

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Limb abnormalities are one of the most common deformities of vertebrates. They can be caused by both external and internal reasons. Limb abnormalities of amniotes are a fairly rare phenomenon, and mass limb abnormalities have not been found in amniote populations. Isolated cases of skeletal abnormalities are described mainly externally, without detailing the structure of the skeleton. This article presents descriptions of three abnormal specimens of hybrids of subspecies of Lacerta agilis (L. a. boemica L. a. exigua). Two of them have oligodactyly of the right fore-limb. The third specimen demonstrates a unique combination of oligodactyly of the right and polydactyly of the left forelimbs.

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The Aegean Islands are a known hotspot for herpetofauna and have been extensively studied in this area. However, there are still numerous islands that lack this research. This includes the uninhabited islet of Despotiko found in the Paros Archipelago, Cyclades. It is known for its importance in archaeology, which, in turn, attracts tourism. However, there is not yet a complete understanding of the presence of herpetofauna there, with the last published records written in 1977. In an effort to address this, a combination of past ad-hoc sightings and visual surveys was carried out during the summer of 2024. These yielded two new records of reptile species, Eryx jaculus and Lacerta citrovittata. Furthermore, the enclosed archaeological site had greater reptile diversity and rich ness than outside the site. This highlights the potential importance of the archaeological site as a key reptile habitat. Our findings help to improve our understanding of reptilian diversity in the archipelago, providing avenues for further research into the potential interactions between archaeological sites and reptile diversity.

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Mesalina watsonana is a species complex with a wide distribution range in Iran, some parts of Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northwest India. Recent molecular and morphological investigations detected remarkable hidden diversity among the geographical populations of the complex, more likely referring to the persistence of undescribed species. In this study, we conducted a very detailed sampling of localities and carried out a morphological study to investigate populations within the complex. Investigation of morphological features within the M. watsonana species complex indicated that it consists of seven distinct populations. They include the West-Southeast-South, East-Northeast, East Dasht-e Kavir, West Dasht-e Kavir, and two central groups (Halil and Kerman groups). Considering our findings, each of the seven populations corresponding to distinct geographic regions should be recognized as species. The six new species include Mesalina khuzestanensis sp. nov., Mesalina halilica sp. nov., Mesalina kermanensis sp. nov., Mesalina ardestanica sp. nov., Mesalina bardaskanensis sp. nov., Mesalina esfarayensis sp. nov. which are distinctive from each other due to their unique morphological characteristics.

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The European green lizard (Lacerta viridis) populations in Bohemia, Czech Republic, are isolated by more than 150 km from the northern border of the continuous range of the species. These populations are fragmented and further isolated from each other. In this landscape mosaic, they are tied to specific habitats located in deeply incised river valleys (the so-called river phenomenon) and thus may be viewed as stenotopic. The research site is located on the northern edge of the city of Prague. Since 1998, this site has been the subject of long-term conservation management aimed at strengthening and maintaining the abundance of the local L. viridis population. To formulate recommendations for the management of other isolated L. viridis populations, we performed a spatial analysis of the localities with observed individuals to determine and evaluate the significance of the chosen biotic and abiotic factors for habitat discrimination. We applied principal components and discriminant function analyses and examined the effect of 24 variables on the species’ presence. The results revealed the principal role of the presence of rock debris and hiding places for lizard occurrence. The strongest negative predictors were the presence of tall grass and high vegetation coverage. We discuss the applicability of our findings in both the theory and practice of species conservation and population management.

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The current knowledge on the herpetofauna of Syros is updated, whereby no publications on it have been made since 1975. I provide the results from a field trip in 2024 that focused on the hygrophilous species. The Balkan Water Frog and the Balkan Terrapin, men tioned for Syros in the 19th century, meanwhile have become extinct. The Green Toad is threatened with extinction, the status of the Grass Snake is unclear. The Green Toad has benefited previously from anthropogenic spawning grounds in the form of open cisterns, which have fallen into disuse and thus are no longer available to the amphibians. The ongoing climate change in the Aegean region is reflected in drier winters, which dry out water bodies. The situation for the wetlands and their fauna and flora on Syros is alarming.

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Since the book-formatted, monographic treatment of the lizards of Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, and their adjacent is-lands by Grismer (2011), 47 additional species have been added to that fauna bringing the total to 174. One species, Cyr-todactylus stresemanni, was removed from the lizard fauna based on its likely mislabeled type locality; 44 species were described as new—29 gekkonids, 11 scincids, five agamids, and one dibamid; and three others, Cnemaspis narathiwaten-sis, Cyrtodactylus brevipalmatus, and Scincella melanosticta were recently discovered in northern Peninsular Malaysia. Taxonomic changes for seven previously described species occurring after 2011 are noted and significant, new locality records are documented here for additional species. The intent of this review is to provide an up to date peer-reviewed checklist for the lizard species of this region prior to a pending updated book monograph.

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A preliminary checklist of the herpetofauna of Palestine (West Bank and Gaza Strip) Governorates is presented based on records of amphibian and reptile species whose presence has been confirmed in Palestine`s governorates as a result of extensive field expeditions, examination of fixed herpetological collections, literature review, and personal communications from researchers. The paper reports 95 original data on the Palestinian herpetofauna (4 Amphibians and 54 reptiles), deriving from field observations. The herpetofauna of Palestine consists of 58 species belonging to forty six genera and twenty families. Species found in this study either globally or regionally distributed. Majority of species (44 species) fall in the least concern category of the IUCN Red List Category. One species found to be categorized as critically endangered, and another species found to be categorized as endangered. Two Species found to be categorized as threatened, and three Species as vulnerable accordingly.

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Anomalies of the postcranial skeleton of nine taxa of the genus Darevskia belonging to the Darevskia (caucasica) and Darevskia (saxicola) complexes were studied for the first time on representative samples. Several groups and subgroups were identified: (1) asymmetric structure of ribs and/or transverse processes of vertebrae (anomaly of sacral vertebrae; and anomaly of the ribs in the presacral vertebra); (2) reduction of the ribs; (3) fusion of the vertebrae; and (4) anomalies of the sternum: xiphisternal rib formula. The Darevskia (caucasica) complex showed fewer anomalies than the Darevskia (saxicola) complex, in the latter we did not observe specimens with two ribs on one side of the vertebra or a reduction of the ribs on the 4th vertebra. At the same time, the highest number of anomalies was found in D. c. caucasica, the lowest in D. alpina, D. c. vedenica and D. b. myusserica. The most common anomaly is the asymmetric structure of the ribs at the level of the 21st, 22nd or 23rd presacral vertebra, the rarest are the reduction of the ribs at the level of the 4th presacral vertebra and the presence of two ribs on the left side at the level of the 16th presacral vertebra. The presence of a large number of anomalous specimens in rock lizard populations is not necessarily associated with parthenogenetic reproduction and hybridisation. Extreme environmental conditions (especially living in high mountains) are also not a necessary condition for the occurrence of anomalies in the structure of their postcranial skeleton.